Catalog

This catalog lists every species from German folklore and mythology available for simulation in stdgrimmsim — 32 species and 150 demographic models. Each has made-up but population-genetically plausible genomes and demographic histories tied to geographic regions (Black Forest, Harz, Rhine, Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony, etc.) and to Grimm fairy tales where relevant.

For a compact list of all 150 models with links into this page, see All demographic models (also in the sidebar).

Demography schematic diagrams (one per model) are shown below when available. To generate them, run from the repo root: python docs/generate_demography_figures.py (requires demesdraw; install with uv sync --extra docs).

  1. Which chromosome (Genome object)?

  2. Which model of demographic history (DemographicModel object)?

Example: simulate mountain dwarf samples under the Black Forest demographic model:

$ stdgrimmsim ZweBerg -d BlackForest_1D12 -o dwarves.trees -L 100000 BlackForest:10

Fairy tale & Grimm

Mountain Dwarves (Zwergus bergensis) — Bergzwerge from Grimm and regional folklore, associated with mines and forests (e.g. Snow White’s dwarves, Harz and Schwarzwald).

Genome summary

ID:

ZweBerg

Species:

Zwergus bergensis

Common name:

Bergzwerg (Mountain Dwarf)

Assembly:

Schneewittchen1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000001)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

25 years

Population size:

80,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

22,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

2

20,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

3

18,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

4

16,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

5

14,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

mountain_mitogenome

17,000

7.00e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

BlackForest_1D12

Single population Schwarzwald dwarf model

Demography schematic

Populations: BlackForest

Single population of mountain dwarves in the Black Forest. Three epochs: modern (N=80000), bottleneck 2000 gen ago (N=8000), ancestral founding 50000 gen ago (N=40000).

HarzBlackForest_2D12

Two population Harz and Schwarzwald dwarf model

Demography schematic

Populations: BlackForest, Harz

Two populations: Black Forest core and Harz colony. Ancestral N=40000. Split 20000 gen ago. Schwarzwald at 80000, Harz bottleneck to 5000 then growth to 25000.

AlpineDwarfRadiation_3D12

Three population Alpine dwarf radiation model

Demography schematic

Populations: BlackForest, Erzgebirge, Alps

Three populations of mountain dwarves across central Europe. Ancestral population in the Black Forest (N=40000) splits 30000 gen ago into Schwarzwald and proto-Eastern dwarves. Eastern branch splits 15000 gen ago into Erzgebirge and Alps colonies. Schwarzwald grows to 80000, Erzgebirge bottleneck to 4000 then recovery to 18000, Alps steady at 12000. Low migration between Schwarzwald and Erzgebirge (1e-5 per gen) after split.

MineCollapse_1D12

Single population with multiple bottlenecks from mine collapses

Demography schematic

Populations: BlackForest

Single population of mountain dwarves with multiple bottleneck events. Modern N=80000, severe mine collapse bottleneck 500 gen ago (N=2000), recovery period, older iron age disruption bottleneck 5000 gen ago (N=6000), ancestral founding 60000 gen ago (N=40000).

IsolationMigration_2D12

Classic IM model between BlackForest and Harz with asymmetric migration

Demography schematic

Populations: BlackForest, Harz

Isolation-with-migration model between Black Forest and Harz dwarves. BlackForest N=80000, Harz N=25000. Split 20000 gen ago from ancestral N=40000. Asymmetric migration: BF->Harz 2e-5, Harz->BF 5e-6.

FourMountainRanges_4D12

Four population stepping-stone model across mountain ranges

Demography schematic

Populations: BlackForest, Harz, Erzgebirge, Alps

Four populations of mountain dwarves: BlackForest, Harz, Erzgebirge, and Alps. Ancestral N=40000. Harz splits from BlackForest 25000 gen ago. Erzgebirge splits from Harz 15000 gen ago. Alps split from BlackForest 10000 gen ago. Modern sizes: BF 80000, Harz 25000, Erzgebirge 18000, Alps 12000. Stepping-stone migration between adjacent ranges: BF-Harz 5e-6, Harz-Erz 8e-6, BF-Alps 3e-6.

PostGlacialExpansion_1D12

Single population exponential growth model post-glacial expansion

Demography schematic

Populations: BlackForest

Single population of mountain dwarves with post-glacial exponential expansion. Modern N=80000 growing exponentially from N=5000 starting 3000 gen ago. Before that, stable at 5000 back to 50000 gen ago where ancestral N=30000.

Frau Holle (Holle hesseensis) — The fairy-tale figure from Grimm KHM 24, associated with the well, snow, and the realm beyond (Hesse/Thuringia).

Genome summary

ID:

FraHol

Species:

Holle hesseensis

Common name:

Frau Holle (fairy-tale realm)

Assembly:

FrauHolle1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000004)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

30 years

Population size:

60,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

26,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

2

23,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

3

20,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

4

18,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

5

16,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

well_mitogenome

16,500

7.50e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

WellRealm_1D12

Single population Frau Holle realm model

Demography schematic

Populations: WellRealm

Single population in Frau Holle’s realm (Grimm KHM 24). Modern N=60000, bottleneck 2500 gen ago (N=10000), ancestral 40000 gen ago (N=35000).

WellSnow_2D12

Two population Well and Snow realm model

Demography schematic

Populations: WellRealm, SnowRealm

Well realm and Snow realm. Ancestral N=35000. Split 15000 gen ago. Well 60000, Snow 20000.

ThreeRealms_3D12

Three realm Frau Holle demographic model

Demography schematic

Populations: WellRealm, SnowRealm, AppleRealm

Three realms of Frau Holle (KHM 24): Well, Snow, and Apple. Ancestral realm N=35000. Well-Snow split 15000 gen ago. Apple realm branches from Well 8000 gen ago. Well at 60000, Snow at 20000, Apple at 15000. Seasonal migration between Snow and Apple (2e-5 per gen).

WellRealmExpansion_1D12

Single population with exponential growth in the Well Realm

Demography schematic

Populations: WellRealm

Single population in Frau Holle’s Well Realm with exponential expansion. Modern N=60000, exponential growth starting 2000 gen ago from N=8000. Ancestral stable at 35000 from 40000 gen ago.

WellSnowIM_2D12

IM model between Well and Snow realms with asymmetric migration

Demography schematic

Populations: WellRealm, SnowRealm

Isolation-with-migration model between Well Realm and Snow Realm. Well N=60000, Snow N=20000. Split 15000 gen ago from ancestral N=35000. Asymmetric migration: Well->Snow 3e-5, Snow->Well 1e-5.

FourRealms_4D12

Four realm Frau Holle demographic model

Demography schematic

Populations: WellRealm, SnowRealm, AppleRealm, BreadRealm

Four realms of Frau Holle: Well, Snow, Apple, and Bread. Ancestral realm N=35000. Snow splits from Well 15000 gen ago. Apple splits from Well 8000 gen ago. Bread splits from Apple 4000 gen ago. Well 60000, Snow 20000, Apple 15000, Bread 10000.

GoldenAge_1D12

Single population with ancient golden age and bottleneck

Demography schematic

Populations: WellRealm

Single population in Frau Holle’s realm with an ancient golden age. Modern N=60000, bottleneck 3000 gen ago (N=5000), golden age from 20000-40000 gen ago (N=100000), founding 50000 gen ago (N=10000).

Heinzelmaennchen (Heinzelmaennchen coloniensis) — The helpful elves of Cologne who secretly did the townspeople’s work at night, until a tailor’s wife spied on them (Kopisch 1836).

Genome summary

ID:

HeiCol

Species:

Heinzelmaennchen coloniensis

Common name:

Heinzelmaennchen (Cologne elves)

Assembly:

Heinzel1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000013)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

8 years

Population size:

300,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

12,000,000

3.00e-08

3.20e-08

2

10,000,000

3.00e-08

3.20e-08

3

9,000,000

3.00e-08

3.20e-08

4

8,000,000

3.00e-08

3.20e-08

workshop_mitogenome

13,500

1.00e-07

0.00e+00

Demographic models

Cologne_1D12

Single population Cologne Heinzelmaennchen model

Demography schematic

Populations: Cologne

Single population of Heinzelmaennchen in Cologne. Modern N=300000, catastrophic decline 200 gen ago (N=1000) when the tailor’s wife spied on them (Kopisch 1836), ancestral 20000 gen ago (N=100000).

CologneAachen_2D12

Two population Cologne-Aachen Heinzelmaennchen model

Demography schematic

Populations: Cologne, Aachen

Cologne and Aachen Heinzelmaennchen. Ancestral N=100000. Split 8000 gen ago along Rhine trade routes. Cologne 300000, Aachen 50000. High migration (5e-5).

ThreeRhinelandCities_3D12

Three population Heinzelmaennchen model (Cologne, Aachen, Bremen)

Demography schematic

Populations: Cologne, Aachen, Bremen

Three city populations of helpful elves. Ancestral N=100000. Aachen splits from Cologne 8000 gen ago. Bremen colonized from Cologne 4000 gen ago. Cologne 300000, Aachen 50000, Bremen 30000. High migration Cologne-Aachen (5e-5), lower Cologne-Bremen (1e-5).

TailorsWifeBottleneck_1D12

Single population bottleneck from the tailor’s wife legend

Demography schematic

Populations: Cologne

Single population Heinzelmaennchen model with dramatic bottleneck. Modern N=300000. Catastrophic decline 200 gen ago (N=100) from the tailor’s wife peas-on-stairs incident. Pre-discovery 500 gen ago N=250000. Ancestral 20000 gen ago N=100000.

CologneAachenIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Cologne and Aachen

Demography schematic

Populations: Cologne, Aachen

Isolation-with-migration model for Cologne and Aachen Heinzelmaennchen. Cologne 300000, Aachen 50000. Split 8000 gen ago from ancestral N=100000. Asymmetric migration: Cologne->Aachen 8e-5, Aachen->Cologne 2e-5.

FourRhinelandCities_4D12

Four population Heinzelmaennchen model (Cologne, Aachen, Bremen, Duesseldorf)

Demography schematic

Populations: Cologne, Aachen, Bremen, Duesseldorf

Four city populations of Heinzelmaennchen. Ancestral N=100000. Aachen splits from Cologne 8000 gen ago. Bremen colonized from Cologne 4000 gen ago. Duesseldorf from Cologne 2000 gen ago. Cologne 300000, Aachen 50000, Bremen 30000, Duesseldorf 40000.

NocturnalWorkshop_1D12

Single population with night-shift population cycles

Demography schematic

Populations: Cologne

Single population Heinzelmaennchen model with oscillating size reflecting nocturnal work cycles. Modern N=300000, 500 gen ago N=100000, 3000 gen ago N=200000, 10000 gen ago N=50000, 20000 gen ago N=100000.

CologneExpansion_1D12

Single population exponential growth model for Cologne

Demography schematic

Populations: Cologne

Single population Heinzelmaennchen model with exponential growth. Modern N=300000, exponential growth from N=30000 starting 3000 gen ago. Before that stable at 30000 from 20000 gen ago at N=100000. growth_rate = ln(300000/30000)/3000 ~ 0.000768.

Kobold (Koboldus domesticus) — House spirits bound to hearth and home, ranging from helpful household helpers to mischievous mine spirits (Berggeist).

Genome summary

ID:

KobHau

Species:

Koboldus domesticus

Common name:

Kobold (house spirit)

Assembly:

Kobold1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000008)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

15 years

Population size:

200,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

15,000,000

2.80e-08

3.00e-08

2

13,000,000

2.80e-08

3.00e-08

3

11,000,000

2.80e-08

3.00e-08

4

10,000,000

2.80e-08

3.00e-08

hearth_mitogenome

14,500

9.00e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

UrbanKobold_1D12

Single population urban Kobold model

Demography schematic

Populations: Urban

Single population of urban house Kobolds. Modern N=200000, rapid expansion 1000 gen ago (N=50000) tied to medieval urbanization, ancestral 30000 gen ago (N=80000).

UrbanRural_2D12

Two population urban and rural Kobold model

Demography schematic

Populations: Urban, Rural

Urban and rural Kobold populations. Ancestral N=80000. Split 5000 gen ago with urbanization. Urban 200000, Rural 60000. Ongoing migration (2e-5) as Kobolds follow human settlement.

ThreeKoboldTypes_3D12

Three population Kobold model (urban, rural, mine)

Demography schematic

Populations: Urban, Rural, Mine

Three Kobold ecotypes. Ancestral rural population N=80000. Mine Kobolds diverge 20000 gen ago (deep subterranean niche). Urban Kobolds split from rural 5000 gen ago. Urban 200000, Rural 60000, Mine 8000. Rural-Mine migration 5e-6, Urban-Rural migration 2e-5.

MedievalUrbanBoom_1D12

Single population Kobold with medieval exponential urban growth

Demography schematic

Populations: Urban

Single urban Kobold population with exponential growth tied to medieval urbanization. Modern N=200000, exponential growth from N=20000 starting 2000 gen ago (growth_rate ~0.001151). Ancestral stable N=80000 from 30000 gen ago.

UrbanRuralIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Urban and Rural Kobolds

Demography schematic

Populations: Urban, Rural

Urban and Rural Kobold populations under an isolation-with- migration framework. Split 5000 gen ago from ancestral N=80000. Asymmetric migration: Urban->Rural 1e-5, Rural->Urban 4e-5. Urban 200000, Rural 60000.

FourKoboldNiches_4D12

Four population Kobold model (urban, rural, mine, ship)

Demography schematic

Populations: Urban, Rural, Mine, Ship

Four Kobold ecotypes: Urban, Rural, Mine, and Ship (Klabautermann). Ancestral rural population N=80000. Mine splits 20000 gen ago. Urban from Rural 5000 gen ago. Ship from Urban 2000 gen ago. Urban 200000, Rural 60000, Mine 8000, Ship 5000. Migration Urban-Ship 3e-5, Rural-Mine 5e-6.

IndustrialDecline_1D12

Single population Kobold with industrial-era decline and recovery

Demography schematic

Populations: Urban

Single Kobold population reflecting industrialization impacts. Modern N=200000, peak 500 gen ago N=250000, decline to 100000 at 300 gen ago, recovery to modern levels. Pre-industrial 2000 gen ago N=50000, ancestral 30000 gen ago N=80000.

Water & river spirits

Nix (Nixus rhenanus) — Water spirits from Rhine and Elbe folklore (Nix, Nixe).

Genome summary

ID:

NixRhe

Species:

Nixus rhenanus

Common name:

Nix (Rhine water spirit)

Assembly:

RheinNix1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000002)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

50 years

Population size:

45,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

24,000,000

2.60e-08

2.80e-08

2

21,000,000

2.60e-08

2.80e-08

3

19,000,000

2.60e-08

2.80e-08

4

17,000,000

2.60e-08

2.80e-08

5

15,000,000

2.60e-08

2.80e-08

river_mitogenome

15,500

8.00e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

Rhine_1D12

Single population Rhine Nix model

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhine

Single population of water spirits in the Rhine. Modern N=45000, bottleneck 1500 gen ago (N=5000), ancestral 30000 gen ago (N=25000).

RhineElbe_2D12

Two population Rhine and Elbe Nix model

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhine, Elbe

Rhine and Elbe river populations. Ancestral N=25000. Split 12000 gen ago. Rhine 45000, Elbe 20000.

ThreeRivers_3D12

Three river Nix population model (Rhine, Elbe, Danube)

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhine, Elbe, Danube

Three river populations of water spirits. Ancestral N=25000. Rhine-Danube split 18000 gen ago. Elbe branches from Rhine 12000 gen ago. Rhine at 45000, Elbe at 20000, Danube at 30000. Continuous low migration Rhine-Elbe (5e-6) and Rhine-Danube (2e-6).

RhineBottleneck_1D12

Single population with severe industrial bottleneck

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhine

Single population of Rhine Nixes with a severe industrial-era bottleneck. Modern N=45000, industrialization/pollution bottleneck 200 gen ago (N=2000), pre-industrial 1000 gen ago (N=40000), ancestral 30000 gen ago (N=25000).

RhineElbeIM_2D12

IM model between Rhine and Elbe with asymmetric migration

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhine, Elbe

Isolation-with-migration model between Rhine and Elbe Nixes. Rhine N=45000, Elbe N=20000. Split 12000 gen ago from ancestral N=25000. Asymmetric migration: Rhine->Elbe 1e-5, Elbe->Rhine 3e-6.

FourRivers_4D12

Four river Nix stepping-stone model

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Weser

Four river populations of water spirits: Rhine, Elbe, Danube, and Weser. Ancestral N=25000. Danube splits from Rhine 18000 gen ago. Elbe splits from Rhine 12000 gen ago. Weser splits from Elbe 6000 gen ago. Rhine 45000, Elbe 20000, Danube 30000, Weser 12000. Stepping-stone migration: Rhine-Elbe 5e-6, Elbe-Weser 8e-6, Rhine-Danube 2e-6.

TidalFluctuation_1D12

Single population with oscillating size representing tidal fluctuations

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhine

Single population of Rhine Nixes with oscillating population size representing seasonal/tidal fluctuations over deep time. Modern N=45000, 500 gen ago N=20000, 1500 gen ago N=40000, 3000 gen ago N=15000, 5000 gen ago N=35000, ancestral 30000 gen ago N=25000.

Loreley (Loreley rhenanus) — The spirit of the Loreley rock on the Rhine (Brentano, Heine).

Genome summary

ID:

LorRhe

Species:

Loreley rhenanus

Common name:

Loreley (Rhine rock spirit)

Assembly:

Loreley1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000005)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

40 years

Population size:

35,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

25,000,000

2.50e-08

2.70e-08

2

22,000,000

2.50e-08

2.70e-08

3

20,000,000

2.50e-08

2.70e-08

4

18,000,000

2.50e-08

2.70e-08

5

16,000,000

2.50e-08

2.70e-08

rock_mitogenome

16,200

8.00e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

LoreleyRock_1D12

Single population Loreley (Rhine rock) model

Demography schematic

Populations: LoreleyRock

Single population at the Loreley rock, Middle Rhine. Modern N=35000, bottleneck 1000 gen ago (N=7000), ancestral 25000 gen ago (N=20000).

LoreleyMiddleRhine_2D12

Two population Loreley rock and Middle Rhine model

Demography schematic

Populations: LoreleyRock, MiddleRhine

Loreley rock and Middle Rhine. Ancestral N=20000. Split 8000 gen ago. Loreley 35000, Middle Rhine 15000.

RhineGorge_3D12

Three population Rhine gorge Loreley model

Demography schematic

Populations: LoreleyRock, MiddleRhine, UpperRhine

Three populations along the Rhine: Loreley Rock, Middle Rhine, and Upper Rhine. Ancestral N=20000. Middle Rhine splits from Loreley 8000 gen ago. Upper Rhine colonized from Middle Rhine 5000 gen ago. Loreley 35000, Middle Rhine 15000, Upper Rhine 10000. Migration between adjacent populations (1e-5 per gen).

LoreleyDecline_1D12

Single population Loreley decline and recovery model

Demography schematic

Populations: LoreleyRock

Single population at the Loreley rock with industrial decline and recovery. Modern N=35000, decline at 400 gen ago to N=3000 (river traffic/industrialization), recovery at 200 gen ago to N=10000, then modern expansion. Ancestral 25000 gen ago N=20000.

LoreleyMiddleRhineIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Loreley and Middle Rhine

Demography schematic

Populations: LoreleyRock, MiddleRhine

Isolation-with-migration model. Loreley rock N=35000, Middle Rhine N=15000. Split 8000 gen ago from ancestral N=20000. Migration Loreley->Middle 2e-5, Middle->Loreley 8e-6.

FourRhineStretches_4D12

Four population Rhine stretches model

Demography schematic

Populations: LoreleyRock, MiddleRhine, UpperRhine, LowerRhine

Four populations along the Rhine: Loreley Rock, Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine, and Lower Rhine. Ancestral N=20000. Middle Rhine splits from Loreley 8000 gen ago. Upper Rhine from Middle Rhine 5000 gen ago. Lower Rhine from Middle Rhine 3000 gen ago. Loreley 35000, Middle Rhine 15000, Upper Rhine 10000, Lower Rhine 8000. Stepping-stone migration.

SirenSong_1D12

Single population Loreley siren song model with ancient expansion

Demography schematic

Populations: LoreleyRock

Single population with ancient expansion and recent bottleneck. Modern N=35000, bottleneck 300 gen ago N=4000, stable 5000 gen ago N=30000, expansion from N=5000 at 20000 gen ago, founding 40000 gen ago N=5000.

Flussfee (Flussfee aquaticus) — River fairies of the Rhine tributaries (Main, Moselle, Neckar), linked to regional German river folklore.

Genome summary

ID:

FeeFlu

Species:

Flussfee aquaticus

Common name:

Flussfee (River Fairy)

Assembly:

Flussfee1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000014)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

30 years

Population size:

55,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

20,000,000

2.70e-08

2.90e-08

2

18,000,000

2.70e-08

2.90e-08

3

16,000,000

2.70e-08

2.90e-08

4

14,000,000

2.70e-08

2.90e-08

5

12,000,000

2.70e-08

2.90e-08

aquatic_mitogenome

15,800

8.00e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

MainRiver_1D12

Single population Main river fairy model

Demography schematic

Populations: MainRiver

Single population of river fairies along the Main. Modern N=55000, decline 2000 gen ago (N=8000) due to river channeling, ancestral 45000 gen ago (N=40000).

MainMoselle_2D12

Two population Main-Moselle river fairy model

Demography schematic

Populations: MainRiver, Moselle

Main and Moselle river fairy populations. Ancestral N=40000. Split 18000 gen ago at Rhine confluence divergence. Main 55000, Moselle 25000. Migration (8e-6) via Rhine.

ThreeTributaries_3D12

Three population river fairy model (Main, Moselle, Neckar)

Demography schematic

Populations: MainRiver, Moselle, Neckar

Three Rhine tributary fairy populations. Ancestral N=40000. Main-Moselle split 18000 gen ago. Neckar splits from Main 10000 gen ago. Main 55000, Moselle 25000, Neckar 20000. Stepping-stone via Rhine: Main-Moselle 8e-6, Main-Neckar 1e-5.

RiverPollution_1D12

Single population model with pollution bottleneck

Demography schematic

Populations: MainRiver

Single population river fairy model with pollution bottleneck. Modern N=55000, pollution bottleneck 300 gen ago (N=5000), pre-industrial 1000 gen ago N=50000, ancestral 45000 gen ago N=40000.

MainMoselleIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Main and Moselle

Demography schematic

Populations: MainRiver, Moselle

Isolation-with-migration model for Main and Moselle river fairies. Main 55000, Moselle 25000. Split 18000 gen ago from ancestral N=40000. Asymmetric migration: Main->Moselle 1e-5, Moselle->Main 5e-6.

FourTributaries_4D12

Four population river fairy model (Main, Moselle, Neckar, Lahn)

Demography schematic

Populations: MainRiver, Moselle, Neckar, Lahn

Four Rhine tributary fairy populations. Ancestral N=40000. Moselle splits from Main 18000 gen ago. Neckar from Main 10000 gen ago. Lahn from Moselle 5000 gen ago. Main 55000, Moselle 25000, Neckar 20000, Lahn 12000.

SpringFlood_1D12

Single population with spring flood oscillations

Demography schematic

Populations: MainRiver

Single population river fairy model with oscillating size reflecting spring flood cycles. Modern N=55000, 1000 gen ago N=30000, 5000 gen ago N=50000, 15000 gen ago N=20000, 45000 gen ago N=40000.

FairyRingExpansion_1D12

Single population exponential growth model for river fairies

Demography schematic

Populations: MainRiver

Single population river fairy model with exponential growth. Modern N=55000, exponential growth from N=5000 starting 4000 gen ago. Before that stable at 5000 from 45000 gen ago at N=40000. growth_rate = ln(55000/5000)/4000 ~ 0.000598.

Forest & nocturnal spirits

Erlkoenig (Erlkoenig sylvestris) — The Alder King of Goethe’s ballad and Herder’s Danish Ellerkonge translation, haunting forest paths at dusk.

Genome summary

ID:

ErlKoe

Species:

Erlkoenig sylvestris

Common name:

Erlkoenig (Alder King)

Assembly:

Erlkoenig1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000009)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

45 years

Population size:

30,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

27,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

2

24,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

3

21,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

4

19,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

5

17,000,000

2.50e-08

2.60e-08

alder_mitogenome

16,800

7.50e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

Thuringian_1D12

Single population Thuringian Erlkoenig model

Demography schematic

Populations: Thuringian

Single population in the Thuringian forest. Modern N=30000, decline 600 gen ago (N=5000) due to deforestation, ancestral 35000 gen ago (N=25000).

ThuringianBaltic_2D12

Two population Thuringian-Baltic Erlkoenig model

Demography schematic

Populations: Thuringian, Baltic

Thuringian and Baltic (Danish Ellerkonge) populations. Ancestral N=25000. Split 20000 gen ago. Thuringian 30000, Baltic 18000. Low migration (3e-6) via forest corridors.

ThreeForestRealms_3D12

Three population Erlkoenig model (Thuringian, Baltic, Bohemian)

Demography schematic

Populations: Thuringian, Baltic, Bohemian

Three Erlkoenig populations across northern/central Europe. Ancestral N=25000. Baltic splits 20000 gen ago. Bohemian splits from Thuringian 12000 gen ago. Thuringian 30000, Baltic 18000, Bohemian 10000. Stepping-stone migration.

DeforestationDecline_1D12

Single population Erlkoenig with medieval deforestation decline

Demography schematic

Populations: Thuringian

Single Erlkoenig population experiencing severe decline during medieval deforestation (400 gen ago, N=3000). Stable at N=25000 from 2000 gen ago, ancestral N=25000 from 35000 gen ago. Modern recovery to N=30000.

ThuringianBalticIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Thuringian and Baltic Erlkoenig

Demography schematic

Populations: Thuringian, Baltic

Thuringian and Baltic Erlkoenig populations under an isolation- with-migration framework. Split 20000 gen ago from ancestral N=25000. Asymmetric migration: Thuringian->Baltic 5e-6, Baltic->Thuringian 2e-6. Thuringian 30000, Baltic 18000.

FourForestDomains_4D12

Four population Erlkoenig model across forest domains

Demography schematic

Populations: Thuringian, Baltic, Bohemian, BavarianForest

Four Erlkoenig populations: Thuringian, Baltic, Bohemian, and Bavarian Forest. Ancestral N=25000. Baltic splits 20000 gen ago. Bohemian from Thuringian 12000 gen ago. BavarianForest from Bohemian 6000 gen ago. Thuringian 30000, Baltic 18000, Bohemian 10000, Bavarian 7000.

AncientWoodland_1D12

Single population Erlkoenig with ancient woodland expansion history

Demography schematic

Populations: Thuringian

Single Erlkoenig population tracing deep woodland history. Modern N=30000 stable to 5000 gen ago. Ancient larger woodland population N=50000 at 10000 gen ago. Peak N=60000 at 20000 gen ago. Founding population N=15000 at 40000 gen ago.

Alp (Alpus nocturnalis) — The nightmare spirit (Alpdruck) that sits on sleepers’ chests, widespread in German and Alpine folklore.

Genome summary

ID:

AlpNac

Species:

Alpus nocturnalis

Common name:

Alp (nightmare spirit)

Assembly:

Alpdruck1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000011)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

10 years

Population size:

150,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

18,000,000

2.60e-08

2.70e-08

2

16,000,000

2.60e-08

2.70e-08

3

14,000,000

2.60e-08

2.70e-08

4

12,000,000

2.60e-08

2.70e-08

5

10,000,000

2.60e-08

2.70e-08

nocturnal_mitogenome

15,200

8.50e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

SwabianAlp_1D12

Single population Swabian Alp nightmare spirit model

Demography schematic

Populations: Swabian

Single population of Alps in the Swabian Alb. Modern N=150000, steady growth from 50000 over 10000 gen, ancestral 50000 gen ago (N=30000).

SwabianSaxon_2D12

Two population Swabian-Saxon Alp model

Demography schematic

Populations: Swabian, Saxon

Swabian and Saxon Alp populations. Ancestral N=30000. Split 30000 gen ago. Swabian 150000, Saxon 80000. Migration (1e-5) reflecting nocturnal range overlap.

ThreeAlpRegions_3D12

Three population Alp model (Swabian, Saxon, Alpine)

Demography schematic

Populations: Swabian, Saxon, AlpineAlp

Three regional Alp populations. Ancestral N=30000. Swabian-Saxon split 30000 gen ago. Alpine splits from Swabian 15000 gen ago. Swabian 150000, Saxon 80000, Alpine 40000. Stepping-stone migration pattern.

NightmareExpansion_1D12

Single population Alp model with exponential nightmare expansion

Demography schematic

Populations: Swabian

Single Alp population with exponential growth. Modern N=150000, exponential growth from N=10000 starting 5000 gen ago (growth_rate ~0.000542). Ancestral 50000 gen ago (N=30000).

SwabianSaxonIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Swabian and Saxon Alps

Demography schematic

Populations: Swabian, Saxon

Isolation-with-migration (IM) model for Swabian and Saxon Alp populations. Swabian 150000, Saxon 80000. Split 30000 gen ago from ancestral N=30000. Asymmetric migration: Swabian->Saxon 5e-6, Saxon->Swabian 2e-6.

FourAlpRegions_4D12

Four population Alp model (Swabian, Saxon, Alpine, Rhineland)

Demography schematic

Populations: Swabian, Saxon, AlpineAlp, RhinelandAlp

Four regional Alp populations. Ancestral N=30000. Saxon splits 30000 gen ago. Alpine splits from Swabian 15000 gen ago. Rhineland splits from Saxon 8000 gen ago. Swabian 150000, Saxon 80000, Alpine 40000, Rhineland 50000.

SleepParalysis_1D12

Single population Alp model with oscillating population size

Demography schematic

Populations: Swabian

Single Alp population with oscillating population sizes reflecting cycles of nightmare prevalence. Modern N=150000, 2000 gen ago N=80000, 8000 gen ago N=120000, 20000 gen ago N=40000, 50000 gen ago N=30000.

Wilde Jagd (Wildjaeger germanicus) — The Wild Hunt, a spectral host of riders that sweeps across the night sky (Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie).

Genome summary

ID:

WilJae

Species:

Wildjaeger germanicus

Common name:

Wilde Jagd (Wild Hunt)

Assembly:

WildeJagd1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000007)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

60 years

Population size:

25,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

30,000,000

2.40e-08

2.30e-08

2

27,000,000

2.40e-08

2.30e-08

3

24,000,000

2.40e-08

2.30e-08

4

21,000,000

2.40e-08

2.30e-08

5

19,000,000

2.40e-08

2.30e-08

6

17,000,000

2.40e-08

2.30e-08

spectral_mitogenome

19,000

6.50e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

NorthernHunt_1D12

Single population Northern Wild Hunt model

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthernHunt

Single population of spectral hunters on the North German Plain. Modern N=25000, bottleneck during Christianization 800 gen ago (N=3000), ancestral 40000 gen ago (N=20000).

NorthSouthHunt_2D12

Two population North-South Wild Hunt model

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthernHunt, SouthernHunt

Northern and Southern Wild Hunt hosts. Ancestral N=20000. Split 25000 gen ago. North 25000, South 15000. Low migration (5e-6) reflecting seasonal ride routes.

ThreeHuntHosts_3D12

Three population Wild Hunt hosts model

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthernHunt, CentralHunt, SouthernHunt

Three Wild Hunt hosts across Germany. Ancestral N=20000. North-South split 25000 gen ago. Central host emerges from North 10000 gen ago. North 25000, Central 10000, South 15000. Stepping-stone migration along ride routes.

ChristianizationBottleneck_1D12

Single population Wild Hunt with Christianization bottleneck

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthernHunt

Single Wild Hunt population experiencing a severe bottleneck during Christianization (800 gen ago, N=1000) when pagan beliefs were suppressed. Slow recovery to N=5000 at 500 gen ago. Modern N=25000, ancient stable N=20000 from 30000 gen ago.

NorthSouthHuntIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Northern and Southern Wild Hunt

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthernHunt, SouthernHunt

Northern and Southern Wild Hunt hosts under an isolation-with- migration framework. Split 25000 gen ago from ancestral N=20000. Asymmetric migration: North->South 8e-6, South->North 3e-6. North 25000, South 15000.

FourHuntRegions_4D12

Four population Wild Hunt model across German regions

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthernHunt, CentralHunt, SouthernHunt, EasternHunt

Four Wild Hunt hosts: Northern, Central, Southern, and Eastern (Silesian/Bohemian borderlands). Ancestral N=20000. South splits 25000 gen ago. Central from North 10000 gen ago. Eastern from Central 5000 gen ago. North 25000, Central 10000, South 15000, East 6000.

WinterSolstice_1D12

Single population Wild Hunt with oscillating population size

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthernHunt

Single Wild Hunt population with oscillating population sizes reflecting seasonal/epochal cycles of belief and power. Modern N=25000, 1000 gen ago N=10000, 3000 gen ago N=30000, 8000 gen ago N=5000, 20000 gen ago N=20000.

Mountain & regional mythology

Rübezahl (Ruebezahl harzensis) — Mountain spirit (Berggeist) of the Riesengebirge (Krkonoše) and Harz.

Genome summary

ID:

RueHar

Species:

Ruebezahl harzensis

Common name:

Rübezahl (mountain spirit)

Assembly:

Ruebezahl1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000003)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

100 years

Population size:

15,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

28,000,000

2.20e-08

2.40e-08

2

25,000,000

2.20e-08

2.40e-08

3

22,000,000

2.20e-08

2.40e-08

4

20,000,000

2.20e-08

2.40e-08

5

18,000,000

2.20e-08

2.40e-08

mountain_mitogenome

18,000

6.00e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

Riesengebirge_1D12

Single population Rübezahl (Riesengebirge) model

Demography schematic

Populations: Riesengebirge

Single population of the mountain spirit in the Riesengebirge (Krkonoše). Modern N=15000, ancient expansion 20000 gen ago (N=5000).

HarzRiesengebirge_2D12

Two population Harz and Riesengebirge model

Demography schematic

Populations: Riesengebirge, Harz

Riesengebirge core and Harz colony. Ancestral N=5000. Split 8000 gen ago. Riesen 15000, Harz 3000.

ThreeMountains_3D12

Three population mountain spirit model (Riesengebirge, Harz, Erzgebirge)

Demography schematic

Populations: Riesengebirge, Harz, Erzgebirge

Mountain spirits across three central European ranges. Ancestral N=5000 in Riesengebirge. Harz colony splits 8000 gen ago. Erzgebirge colonized from Harz 4000 gen ago. Riesengebirge grows to 15000, Harz 3000, Erzgebirge 2000. Migration between Harz and Erzgebirge (8e-6 per gen).

AncientMountainSpirit_1D12

Single population ancient mountain spirit with slow exponential growth

Demography schematic

Populations: Riesengebirge

Single population with ancient slow exponential growth. Modern N=15000, growth from N=2000 starting 30000 gen ago. growth_rate = ln(15000/2000)/30000 ~ 0.0000669.

RiesenHarzIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Riesengebirge and Harz

Demography schematic

Populations: Riesengebirge, Harz

Isolation-with-migration model. Riesengebirge N=15000, Harz N=3000. Split 8000 gen ago from ancestral N=5000. Migration Riesen->Harz 5e-6, Harz->Riesen 1e-6.

FourMountainSpirits_4D12

Four population mountain spirit model

Demography schematic

Populations: Riesengebirge, Harz, Erzgebirge, BavarianAlps

Four mountain spirit populations: Riesengebirge, Harz, Erzgebirge, and Bavarian Alps. Ancestral N=5000. Harz splits from Riesengebirge 8000 gen ago. Erzgebirge from Harz 4000 gen ago. Bavarian Alps from Riesengebirge 3000 gen ago. Riesen 15000, Harz 3000, Erzgebirge 2000, Bavarian Alps 1500.

IceAgeSurvival_1D12

Single population ice age survival model

Demography schematic

Populations: Riesengebirge

Single population with ice age bottleneck and recovery. Modern N=15000, expansion at 5000 gen ago from N=1000 (post-glacial), ice age bottleneck 10000 gen ago N=500, pre-glacial 20000 gen ago N=8000, ancestral 50000 gen ago N=5000.

Black Forest spirit (Silvani schwarzwaldensis) — Forest spirits of the Schwarzwald.

Genome summary

ID:

SchWar

Species:

Silvani schwarzwaldensis

Common name:

Black Forest spirit

Assembly:

Schwarzwald1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000006)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

20 years

Population size:

120,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

23,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

2

21,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

3

19,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

4

17,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

5

15,000,000

2.50e-08

2.50e-08

forest_mitogenome

16,800

7.00e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

BlackForest_1D12

Single population Black Forest spirit model

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthBlackForest

Single population of forest spirits in the Schwarzwald. Modern N=120000, expansion 5000 gen ago (N=60000), ancestral 60000 gen ago (N=40000).

NorthSouthBlackForest_2D12

Two population North and South Black Forest model

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthBlackForest, SouthBlackForest

Northern and Southern Schwarzwald. Ancestral N=40000. Split 25000 gen ago. North 70000, South 50000.

ThreeForestZones_3D12

Three population North, Central, South Black Forest model

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthBlackForest, CentralBlackForest, SouthBlackForest

Three zones of Black Forest spirits. Ancestral N=40000. North-South split 25000 gen ago. Central zone emerges from North 12000 gen ago. North 70000, Central 40000, South 50000. Stepping-stone migration: North-Central 3e-5, Central-South 3e-5.

ForestExpansion_1D12

Single population Black Forest exponential expansion model

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthBlackForest

Single population with exponential growth. Modern N=120000, growth from N=20000 starting 4000 gen ago. Before that stable at 20000 back to 60000 gen ago N=40000. growth_rate = ln(120000/20000)/4000 ~ 0.000448.

NorthSouthIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for North and South Black Forest

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthBlackForest, SouthBlackForest

Isolation-with-migration model. North Black Forest N=70000, South Black Forest N=50000. Split 25000 gen ago from ancestral N=40000. Migration North->South 3e-5, South->North 1e-5.

FourForestValleys_4D12

Four population Black Forest valleys model

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthBlackForest, CentralBlackForest, SouthBlackForest, Ortenau

Four populations: North Black Forest, Central Black Forest, South Black Forest, and Ortenau. Ancestral N=40000. South splits from North 25000 gen ago. Central from North 12000 gen ago. Ortenau from Central 6000 gen ago. North 70000, Central 40000, South 50000, Ortenau 20000. Stepping-stone migration.

DeforestationRecovery_1D12

Single population deforestation bottleneck and recovery model

Demography schematic

Populations: NorthBlackForest

Single population with deforestation bottleneck. Modern N=120000, bottleneck 500 gen ago N=10000 (deforestation), pre-deforestation 2000 gen ago N=100000, ancestral 60000 gen ago N=40000.

Shape-shifters & mythical beasts

Werwolf (Werwolfus lupinus) — Werewolves from German trial records and folklore, particularly the Rhineland, Bavaria, and Livonian traditions.

Genome summary

ID:

WerWol

Species:

Werwolfus lupinus

Common name:

Werwolf (Werewolf)

Assembly:

Werwolf1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000010)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

20 years

Population size:

10,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

32,000,000

2.30e-08

2.40e-08

2

28,000,000

2.30e-08

2.40e-08

3

25,000,000

2.30e-08

2.40e-08

4

22,000,000

2.30e-08

2.40e-08

5

20,000,000

2.30e-08

2.40e-08

6

18,000,000

2.30e-08

2.40e-08

7

16,000,000

2.30e-08

2.40e-08

lupine_mitogenome

16,700

7.00e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

Rhineland_1D12

Single population Rhineland Werewolf model

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhineland

Single population of Rhineland werewolves (Peter Stumpp region). Modern N=10000, severe bottleneck during witch trials 300 gen ago (N=500), ancestral 20000 gen ago (N=8000).

RhinelandLivonian_2D12

Two population Rhineland-Livonian Werewolf model

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhineland, Livonian

Western (Rhineland) and Eastern (Livonian/Baltic) werewolf populations. Ancestral N=8000. Split 15000 gen ago. Rhineland 10000, Livonian 6000. Very low migration (1e-6).

ThreeWerewolfPacks_3D12

Three population Werewolf model (Rhineland, Bavarian, Livonian)

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhineland, Bavarian, Livonian

Three werewolf populations across central/eastern Europe. Ancestral N=8000. Livonian splits 15000 gen ago. Bavarian splits from Rhineland 8000 gen ago. Rhineland 10000, Bavarian 4000, Livonian 6000. Both experienced witch-trial bottlenecks 300 gen ago (N=500, 200, 400 respectively).

WitchTrialBottleneck_1D12

Single population Werewolf model with severe witch trial bottleneck

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhineland

Single werewolf population with a severe bottleneck during the witch trial era. Modern N=10000, severe bottleneck 300 gen ago (N=200), pre-trial 500 gen ago (N=8000), ancestral 20000 gen ago (N=8000).

RhinelandLivonianIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Rhineland and Livonian werewolves

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhineland, Livonian

Isolation-with-migration (IM) model for Rhineland and Livonian werewolf populations. Rhineland 10000, Livonian 6000. Split 15000 gen ago from ancestral N=8000. Asymmetric migration: Rhineland->Livonian 2e-6, Livonian->Rhineland 1e-6.

FourWerewolfPacks_4D12

Four population Werewolf model (Rhineland, Bavarian, Livonian, Franconian)

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhineland, Bavarian, Livonian, Franconian

Four werewolf populations across central/eastern Europe. Ancestral N=8000. Livonian splits 15000 gen ago. Bavarian splits from Rhineland 8000 gen ago. Franconian splits from Bavarian 4000 gen ago. Rhineland 10000, Bavarian 4000, Livonian 6000, Franconian 3000. Low migration.

LycanthropeRecovery_1D12

Single population Werewolf model with near-extinction and recovery

Demography schematic

Populations: Rhineland

Single werewolf population showing recovery from near-extinction. Modern N=10000, recent rapid recovery: 100 gen ago N=500, nadir 300 gen ago N=200, pre-decline 500 gen ago N=5000, ancient stable 10000 gen ago N=8000.

Lindwurm (Lindwurm draconicus) — The wingless dragon of Germanic legend (Nibelungenlied’s Fafnir, Klagenfurt Lindwurm), with long generation times and small populations driven near extinction by hero-slaying.

Genome summary

ID:

LinDra

Species:

Lindwurm draconicus

Common name:

Lindwurm (Dragon)

Assembly:

Lindwurm1.0 (GCA_GRIM_000012)

Ploidy:

2

Generation time:

200 years

Population size:

2,000

Chromosomes

Name

Length (bp)

Mutation rate

Recombination rate

1

40,000,000

1.80e-08

2.00e-08

2

35,000,000

1.80e-08

2.00e-08

3

30,000,000

1.80e-08

2.00e-08

4

27,000,000

1.80e-08

2.00e-08

5

24,000,000

1.80e-08

2.00e-08

6

21,000,000

1.80e-08

2.00e-08

7

18,000,000

1.80e-08

2.00e-08

8

15,000,000

1.80e-08

2.00e-08

draconic_mitogenome

20,000

5.00e-08

0.00e+00

Demographic models

RhineDragon_1D12

Single population Rhine dragon model

Demography schematic

Populations: RhineDragon

Single population of Rhine valley dragons (Nibelungen tradition). Modern N=2000, severe decline 500 gen ago (N=200) due to hero-slaying, ancestral 10000 gen ago (N=5000).

RhineKlagenfurt_2D12

Two population Rhine-Klagenfurt Lindwurm model

Demography schematic

Populations: RhineDragon, Klagenfurt

Rhine and Klagenfurt dragon populations. Ancestral N=5000. Split 8000 gen ago across the Alps. Rhine 2000, Klagenfurt 1500. Very low migration (5e-7) across mountain barriers.

ThreeDragonLairs_3D12

Three population Lindwurm model (Rhine, Klagenfurt, Scandinavian)

Demography schematic

Populations: RhineDragon, Klagenfurt, Scandinavian

Three dragon populations. Ancestral N=5000. Scandinavian splits 12000 gen ago. Klagenfurt splits from Rhine 8000 gen ago. Rhine 2000, Klagenfurt 1500, Scandinavian 3000. All experienced hero-slaying bottlenecks at different times.

DragonSlayerBottleneck_1D12

Single population dragon model with multiple hero-slaying bottlenecks

Demography schematic

Populations: RhineDragon

Single dragon population with multiple bottlenecks caused by hero-slaying events. Modern N=2000, 300 gen ago N=100 (Siegfried era), 500 gen ago N=1000, 2000 gen ago N=3000, ancestral 10000 gen ago N=5000.

RhineKlagenfurtIM_2D12

Isolation-with-migration model for Rhine and Klagenfurt dragons

Demography schematic

Populations: RhineDragon, Klagenfurt

Isolation-with-migration (IM) model for Rhine and Klagenfurt dragon populations. RhineDragon 2000, Klagenfurt 1500. Split 8000 gen ago from ancestral N=5000. Asymmetric migration: Rhine->Klagenfurt 1e-6, Klagenfurt->Rhine 5e-7.

FourDragonLairs_4D12

Four population Lindwurm model (Rhine, Klagenfurt, Scandinavian, Wawel)

Demography schematic

Populations: RhineDragon, Klagenfurt, Scandinavian, Wawel

Four dragon populations. Ancestral N=5000. Scandinavian splits 12000 gen ago. Klagenfurt splits from Rhine 8000 gen ago. Wawel splits from Klagenfurt 5000 gen ago. Rhine 2000, Klagenfurt 1500, Scandinavian 3000, Wawel 1000.

NearExtinction_1D12

Single population dragon model with near-extinction event

Demography schematic

Populations: RhineDragon

Single dragon population with near-extinction and partial recovery. Modern N=2000, recovery 100 gen ago N=500, near extinction 200 gen ago N=50, ancient population 5000 gen ago N=4000, ancestral 15000 gen ago N=5000.

Generic models

In addition to the species-specific models listed in this catalog, stdgrimmsim offers generic demographic models that can be run with any species. These are described in the API.